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第31章

牛津实用英语语法-第31章

小说: 牛津实用英语语法 字数: 每页4000字

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I'm glad I haven't(got to go to work today./I'm glad I don't have to go to work today.
我真高兴,今天不必上班。
过去式didn't have to既可表示过去的习惯,也可表示一次性行动。
hadn't(got)to多用于表示一次性行动。
didn't have to是较为普遍的形式。
have to在肯定句中表示“义务”。
have to在否定句中表示“无义务”。这种意思也可由 need not,don't need等来表示。(参见第 149节。)




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145 肯定句中 must和 have to的区别

A must表示由说话人加予的义务:
Mother:You must wipe your feet when you e in.
母亲:你进屋前必须先蹭脚。
have to则表示外界的义务:
Small boy:I have to wipe my feet every time I e in.
小男孩:我每次进屋前都得先蹭掉鞋上的土。
B 第二人称的例句
1 说话人的权威
Mother:You must wear a dress tonight.You can't go to the opera in those dreadful jeans.
母亲:你今晚必须穿一条礼服裙衣。你可不能穿着那些难看的牛仔服去歌剧院。
Employer:You must use a dictionary.I'm tired of correcting your spelling mistakes.
雇主:你必须用字典。我厌烦给你改拼写错误了。
Doctor:You must cut down on your smoking.
医生:你必须少吸烟。
2 外界的权威
You have to wear uniform on duty, don't you?
你在值班时必须穿制服,是吗?
You have to train very hard for these big matches,I suppose.
我想,为参加这些大赛你必须刻苦训练。
You'll have to get up earlier when you start work,won't you?
你开始上班时,就要早起一些了,是吗?
You'll have to cross the line by the footbridge.
你必须从天桥过马路。
C 第三人称的例句
这时must主要用于书面指令或指导:
Railway pany:Passengers must cross the line by the footbridge.
铁路公告:旅客必须由天桥过马路。
Office manager:Staff must be at their desks by 9∶00。
办公室经理:工作人员必须在9∶00前到达各自的办公桌前。
Regulation:A trailer must have two rear lamps.
规章:拖车必须有两盏后灯。
只不过是讲述或评论他人的义务时,则用 have to:
In this office even the senior staff have to be at their desks by 9∶00.
在这个办公室,就连高级职员也要在9∶00前到达他们各自的办公桌前。
She has to make her children's clothes.She can't afford to buy them.
她必须自己给孩子们做衣服穿。她买不起。
They'll have to send a diver down to examine the hull.
他们必须派潜水员下水去检查船体。
如果用 must代替上面例子中的 have to,就可能意指说话的人有权下命令这样做。
但must可用于表示说话人对某种责任、义务是赞成或同意的:
A driver who has knocked someone down must stop.
撞人的司机必须停车。(说话人认为这是司机的责任。)
或表示说话人很强烈地认为应该这样:
Something must be done to stop these accidents.
必须采取某种措施以防止这些事故。
D 第一人称的例子
第一人称为主语时,must和 have to二者之间的差别不那么重要,常常两种形式都可以用:
Typist:I must/will have to buy a dictionary.
打字员:我必须去买一本字典。
Patient:I must/have to/will have to cut down on my smoking.
患者:我必须减少吸烟。
但在表达习惯时,have to更好:
I have to take two of these pills a day.
我必须每天吃两片这种药。
某事对说话人很急迫,或被说话人认为很重要时,则以用must为好:
I must tell you about a dream I had last night.
我必须把我昨晚做的梦告诉你。
Before we do anything I must find my cheque book.
在我们干任何事之前,我必须先找到我的支票簿。
E 其他例句(各种人称)
You must e and see us some time.
你有空一定来看我们。(这是一种常用的随便的邀请方式。)
The children have to play in the street till their parents e home.
孩子们不得不一直在马路上玩到他们的父母回到家里为止。
This sort of thing must stop!
必须制止这种事!(说话人或者有权或者对此事感觉强烈。)
You must write to your uncle and thank him for his nice present.
你必须给你叔叔写信并感谢他给你的很好的礼物。
If there are no taxis we'll have to walk.
如果没有出租车了,我们就不得不步行。
If your father was a poor man you'd have to work.
如果你父亲是个穷人,你就不得不工作了。
We have to walk our dog twice a day.
我们每天得遛两次狗。
注意如下常见的例子:
In shop window:Closing down sale!Everything must go!
商店橱窗里的告白:关门大甩卖!卖完为止!
F 表示过去的义务的肯定句用 had to表示过去的义务时,而且说话人本身的权威和外界的权威无法区分时,只可用一个形式,即had to:
I ran out of money and had to borrow from Tom.
我没钱花了,不得不向汤姆借钱。
You had to pay duty on that,I suppose?
我想你不得不为那个付了税吧?
There were no buses so he had to walk.
没有公共汽车,所以他只好走着去。




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146 need not和 must not用于现在时和将来时

need not可用于现在时和过去时。各人称的形式都一样。(参见第148节。)need not表示“无义务”。它表示说话人允许不去做某事,或仅仅表示某事并非必要:
Employer:You needn't make two copies.One will do.
雇主:你不用打印两份。一份就够了。
Give them this cheque.They needn't send me a receipt.
把这张支票给他们。他们不用给我送来收据。
You needn't change(your clothes).Just e as you are.
你不用换(衣服)了。就穿着现在穿的衣服来吧。
must not表示否定的义务,即说话人叫你不要如何或是特别强调地劝告你不可如何:
You mustn't repeat this to anyone.
你不能把这件事告诉任何别人。
Notice in shop:Staff must not smoke when serving customers.
商店通告:工作人员在为顾客服务时一律不许抽烟。
You mustn't leave your car unlocked.This place is full of thieves.
你千万不能不锁车门就离开。这地方遍地是小偷。




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147 need not,must not和 must用于现在时和将来时

Doctor:You needn't go on a diet;but you must eat sensibly and youmustn't overeat.
医生:你不必节食,但要饮食有度,不能吃得过饱。
Zoo notice:Visitors must not feed the animals.
动物园通告:参观者不得给动物投喂食物。
Railway notice:Passengers must not walk on the line.
铁路通告:旅客不得在铁路线上行走。
You mustn't drive fast.There is a speed limit here.
你不能开快车。这地方有速度限制。
You needn't drive fast.We've plenty of time.
你不必开得快。我们时间足够。
You needn't strike a match.I can see well enough.
你不用划亮火柴。我可以看清。
You mustn't strike a match.This room is full of gas.
你不能划火柴。这屋里满是煤气。
School notice:The lifts must not be used during Fire Drill.
学校通告:在消防演习期间禁止使用电梯。
You mustn't wear that dress again.You look terrible in yellow.
你别再穿那套裙装了。你穿黄色难看极了。
Teacher:You needn't read the whole book but you must read the first four… chapters.
老师:你们不必把整本书全读完,但必须读完前四章。
You must cut down that dead tree or it will fall on your house.
你必须把那棵死树砍了,否则它会倒在你的屋顶上。
Doctor:You mustn't take more than two of these pills at once.Three might be fatal.
医生:这些药你每次服用时不得超过两片。服三片就可能有生命危险。
Doctor(to patient's wife):If the pain has gone he needn't take any more of these.
医生(对患者的妻子):如果疼痛已经消失了,他就不必再服这些药片了。




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148 need 的各种形式

A need既可以作助动词,也可以作普通动词。用为助动词时,它是半情态动词,即它既有情态动词的形式又有普通动词的形式。它的情态动词的形式有need或need not/needn't,可用于各种人称的现在时、将来时和间接引语中。(参见下面C节。)疑问式:need I?等否定疑问式:need I not?/needn't I?等need以上述各种形式变化时,后面接不带to的不定式(即动词原形)。
B need为助动词时一般只在下述情况下可以用于肯定式:当一个否定句或疑问句由于前面加上一个短语而使其中的否定动词或疑问动词变成肯定的意思时:
I needn't wear a coat./I don't suppose I need wear a coat.
我不需要穿外衣。/我认为我不需要穿外衣。
Need I tell Tom?/Do you think I need tell Tom?
我需要告诉汤姆吗?/你认为我需要告诉汤姆吗?
有时在相当正规的英语中,它也与hardly/scarcely或only连用:
I need hardly say how pleased we are to wele Mr X.
我几乎不用说我们是多么高兴欢迎X先生的来到。(我无需说……)
You need only touch one of the pictures for all the alarm bells to start ringing.
你只要摸一下其中的一幅画,所有的警铃就都会响起来。(如果你摸到其中的一幅画,所有的铃……)
C needn't 在直接引语中可以不必改变:
You needn't pay till the 31st,'he says/said.
他说:“你到31号才需要付钱。”相当于:
He says/said I needn't pay till the 31st.
他说我到31号才需要付钱。
(参见第325节C。)
D need变否定形式时也可像普通动词一样变化,如下面第149节所示。表中也列出了相应的have to形式。关于疑问句形式参见第151节。
need与will/shall,do/does/did等助动词连用时应当用带to 的不定式,有时称为need to以引起学生注意。




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149 表示无义务的各种形式

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但是,关于needn't在间接引语中的用法,参见上面第148节C。
shan't/won't need to=shan't/won't have to
don't/doesn't need to=don't/doesn't have to
didn't need to= didn't have to(但 didn't have to更常见)
从上面的表格中可以看出,与haven't/hasn't got to和 hadn't got to完全同义的 need的形式是不存在的。




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150 need not与其他各种形式的区别

A1 如前所述,need not表示说话人的权威或劝告:
You needn't write me another cheque.Just change the date and initial it.
你不必给我另开一张支票。你只需改一下日期并签上你姓名的第一个字母。
I'm in no hurry.He needn't send it by air.He can send it by sea.
我不着急。他不必用航空寄来。海运过来就行。
You needn't do it by hand.I'll lend you my machine.
你不必用手缝。我把缝纫机借给你。
You needn't call me Mr Jones.We all use first names here.
你不用管我叫琼斯先生。我们这里都只叫名字。
College lecturer:You needn't type your essays but you must write legi… bly.

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